· Overview of hepatitis B, an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Hepatitis B can be acute or chronic. A vaccine can prevent hepatitis B.Side Effects, Interactions, Warning, Dosage & Uses. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGYHaemophilus Influenzae Type b Disease. Prior to the introduction of Haemophilus b conjugate. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was the most frequent. Title: Vaccine Information Statement: Hepatitis B Vaccine - What you need to know Author: CDC/NCIRD Subject: Vaccine Information Statement: Hepatitis B Vaccine. · Pediatric/Adolescent: Each 0.5-mL dose contains 10 mcg of hepatitis B surface antigen adsorbed on 0.25 mg aluminum as aluminum hydroxide. The pediatric. · Learn how hepatitis A and B vaccines protect you from the viruses that can lead to this liver disease. ![]() Hib disease occurred primarily in children under 5 years. United States prior to the initiation of a vaccine program. The mortality rate. Hib meningitis is about 5%. In addition, up to 3. Other invasive diseases caused by this bacterium include cellulitis, epiglottitis. Prior to the introduction of the vaccine, it was. Hib disease occurred in infants less than 6. The peak incidence of Hib meningitis occurred between 6 to 1. Forty- seven percent of all cases occurred by one year of age. Among children under 5 years of age, the risk of invasive. Hib disease is increased in certain populations including the following: Daycare attendees. Lower socio- economic groups. Blacks. 11 (especially those who lack the Km(1). Caucasians who lack the G2m(2. Native Americans. Household contacts of cases. Individuals with asplenia, sickle cell disease, or.
Prevention of H1b Disease with Vaccine. An important virulence factor of the Hib bacterium is its. PRP). Antibody to PRP (anti- PRP) has been shown to. Hib disease. 3,2. While the. anti- PRP level associated with protection using conjugated vaccines has not yet. PRP associated with protection in studies. PRP vaccines. ranged from ≥ 0. ![]() L. 2. 2- 2. 8Nonconjugated PRP vaccines are capable of stimulating. B- lymphocytes to produce antibody without the help of T- lymphocytes. T- independent). The responses to many other antigens are augmented by helper. T- lymphocytes (T- dependent). Pedvax. HIB is a PRP- conjugate vaccine in which the. PRP is covalently bound to the OMPC carrier. T- independent antigen (PRP alone) into a. T- dependent antigen resulting in both an enhanced antibody response and. Clinical Trials with Pedvax. HIBThe protective efficacy of the PRP- OMPC component of. COMVAX was demonstrated in a randomized, double- blind, placebo- controlled study. Native American (Navajo) infants (The Protective Efficacy Study). Pedvax. HIB. This. Hib disease than the United States. Haemophilus b. conjugate vaccines, including Pedvax. HIB. 1. 4- 1. 6,3. Each infant in this study received two doses of either. Pedvax. HIB (1. 5 mcg Haemophilus b PRP) with the first dose. DTP (Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and whole. Pertussis Vaccine, Adsorbed) and OPV (Poliovirus Vaccine Live Oral. Trivalent) were administered concomitantly. In a subset of 4. Pedvax. HIB (1. 5 mcg Haemophilus b PRP) induced anti- PRP levels. L in 8. 8% and > 1. L in 5. 2% with a geometric mean titer. GMT) of 0. 9. 5 mcg/m. L one to three months after the first dose; the. PRP levels one to three months following the second dose. GMT of 1. 4. 3 mcg/m. L. These antibody. Most subjects were initially followed until 1. During this time, 2. Hib disease occurred in. Following the primary two- dose regimen, the protective. Pedvax. HIB was calculated to be 9. C. I.) of 5. 7- 9. In the two months between the first and. At termination of the study, placebo recipients were offered. All original participants were then followed two years and nine months. During this extended follow- up, invasive Hib. No cases of invasive Hib disease were observed in. Efficacy. for this follow- up period, estimated from person- days at risk, was 9. C. I., 7. 2. 2- 9. C. I.. 2. 3. 5- 1. Thus, in this study. PRP level of > 1. L in 6. 0% of vaccinees and a GMT of 1. L one to three months after. Hepatitis B Disease. Hepatitis B virus is an important cause of viral. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there are an. Hepatitis B infection annually in the. United States. 3. There is no specific treatment for this disease. The incubation period for hepatitis B is relatively long; six weeks to six. The. prognosis following infection with hepatitis B virus is variable and dependent. Age — infants and younger children usually. Dose of virus — the higher the dose, the more likely. B will result; and, (3) Severity of associated. Hepatitis B infection fails to resolve and progresses to. B than after initial icteric disease. Consequently, carriers of HBs. Ag frequently give no history of having had. It has been estimated that more than 2. B virus. 3. 5. The CDC estimates that there are approximately 1 million- 1. B virus in the USA. Chronic carriers. B virus. A serious complication of acute hepatitis B virus. B. include cirrhosis of the liver, chronic active hepatitis, and hepatocellular. Chronic carriers of HBs. Ag appear to be at increased risk of. Although a number of etiologic factors are. B. virus. 3. 6 According to the CDC, hepatitis B vaccine is recognized as. The vehicles for transmission of the virus are most often. Hepatitis B virus is. B virus. Infection may occur when hepatitis B virus. Transmission of hepatitis B virus infection is often associated with close. Prevention of Hepatitis B Disease with Vaccine. Hepatitis B infection and disease can be prevented. HBs. Ag). and induce formation of protective antibody (anti- HBs). Multiple clinical studies have defined a protective level. HBs as 1) 1. 0 or more sample ratio units (SRU or S/N) as determined by. Note: 1. 0 SRU is comparable to 1. IU/m. L of antibody. The ACIP and. an international group of hepatitis B experts consider an anti- HBs titer ≥ 1. IU/m. L an adequate response to a complete course of hepatitis B vaccine and. Clinical Trials with RECOMBIVAX HBIn clinical studies, 1. HBs ≥ 1. 0. m. IU/m. L) after receiving three 5- mcg doses of RECOMBIVAX HB at intervals of 0. In one clinical study of RECOMBIVAX HB (2. RECOMBIVAX. HB, protective levels of antibody were achieved in 9. Protective anti- HBs levels were. The protective efficacy of three 5- mcg doses of. RECOMBIVAX HB, given at birth (with Hepatitis B Immune Globulin), 1, and 6. HBs. Ag and HBe. Ag (a core- associated antigenic complex which correlates with. In this trial, after nine months of follow- up, chronic. The estimated. efficacy in prevention of chronic hepatitis B infection was 9. Immunogenicity of COMVAXThe immunogenicity of COMVAX (7. Haemophilus b PRP. HBs. Ag) was assessed in 1. In 2 controlled clinical trials (n=6. COMVAX was compared with that obtained using the monovalent. Pedvax. HIB (7. 5 mcg Haemophilus b PRP) and RECOMBIVAX HB (5 mcg HBs. Ag). given at separate sites, either concurrently or one month apart. The. immunogenicity of COMVAX was further assessed in 2 uncontrolled studies. In the first, a complete three- dose series of COMVAX was administered. In the second, COMVAX was. Haemophilus b PRP and HBs. Ag concurrently with. COMVAX was also administered as the control arm in. These studies demonstrate COMVAX to be highly. The antibody responses are summarized below. Antibody Responses to COMVAX in Infants Not Previously. Vaccinated with Hib or Hepatitis B Vaccine. In the pivotal, controlled, multicenter, randomized. Hib or hepatitis B vaccine, were assigned to receive a. COMVAX or Pedvax. HIB plus RECOMBIVAX HB at. The proportions of evaluable. PRP (percent with. L after the second dose, n=7. HBs (percent with ≥ 1. IU/m. L after the third dose, n=7. COMVAX or. concurrent Pedvax. HIB and RECOMBIVAX HB (Table 1). The anti- PRP response after the second dose among infants. COMVAX in this study was 7. C. I. 6. 8. 7, 7. L with a. GMT=2. 5 mcg/m. L (C. I. 2. 2, 2. Pedvax. HIB and RECOMBIVAX HB controls which was 7. C. I. 7. 0. 2, 8. GMT=2. 8 mcg/m. L (C. I. 2. 2, 3. 5). These responses exceed the response of Native. American (Navajo) infants in a previous study of lyophilized Pedvax. HIB (6. 0%. > 1. L; GMT=1. 4. 3 mcg/m. L) that was associated with a 9. Hib disease. The efficacy of COMVAX in the prevention. Hib disease is expected to be similar to that obtained with. Pedvax. HIB in the Protective Efficacy Trial (see CLINICAL. PHARMACOLOGY, Clinical Trials with Pedvax. HIB). The anti- HBs response after the third dose among infants. COMVAX in this study was 9. IU/m. L (C. I. 9. GMT of 4. 46. 7. 5 (C. I. 3. 78. 6. 3, 5. C. I. 9. 7. 9, 1. GMT of 6. 94. 3. 9 (C. I. 5. 55. 5. 9, 8. COMVAX or concurrent. Pedvax. HIB and RECOMBIVAX HB. Although the difference in anti- HBs GMT is statistically. IU/m. L. previously established as marking a protective response to hepatitis B. These GMTs are higher than those observed in young infants who received the. RECOMBIVAX HB consisting of 5- mcg doses. GMT ~ 1. 35. 9. 9 m. IU/m. L). 5. 3- 5. In addition, two studies have shown that infants given 2. RECOMBIVAX HB according to the schedule used for COMVAX (2, 4, and 1. GMTs of 1. 24. 5- 3. IU/m. L. 4. 7,6. 4 While a difference. GMT may result in differential retention of ≥ 1. IU/m. L of anti- HBs. Because the HBs. Ag component of COMVAX induces a. HBs response to that obtained with RECOMBIVAX HB, the efficacy. COMVAX is expected to be similar (Table 1). Table 1: Antibody Responses to COMVAX, Pedvax. HIB, and. RECOMBIVAX HB in Infants Not Previously Vaccinated with Hib or Hepatitis B. Vaccine. Vaccine. Age (months)Timen. Anti- PRP % Subjects with > 0. L > 1. 0 mcg/m. LAnti. Anti- PRP GMT (mcg/m. L)n. Anti- HBs % Subjects ≥ 1. IU/m. LAnti- HBs GMT (m. IU/m. L)COMVAXPrevaccination. PRP,2. Dose 1*6. 20. HBs. Ag)4. Dose 2*5. N=6. 61]1. 2/1. 5Dose 3**5. Pedvax. HIBPrevaccination. PRP)2. Dose 1*2. 02. Dose 2*1. 86. 95. RECOMBIVAX HB1. 2/1. Dose 3**1. 81. 98. Postvaccination responses were determined approximately. Postvaccination responses were determined approximately one month after. More than three- quarters of the infants in the study. DTP and OPV concomitantly with the first two doses of COMVAX or. Pedvax. HIB plus RECOMBIVAX HB, and approximately one- third received M- M- R® II. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccine Live) with the third dose of these. C. I.'s of comparisons: Dose 2 Anti- PRP: 9. C. I. on difference in % > 1. L (- 1. 1. 2, 3. 1); 9. C. I. on ratio of GMT (0. Dose 3 Anti- HBs: 9. C. I. on difference in % ≥ 1. IU/m. L (- 2. 9, - 0. C. I. on ratio of GMT. Antibody Responses to COMVAX in Infants Previously. Vaccinated with Hepatitis B Vaccine at Birth. Why You Should Get Them. You may have a family member who has viral hepatitis. Or perhaps you recently saw a news brief about a celebrity who contracted hepatitis A or B. Whatever the reason, you want information about a viral illness that you may not have thought much about. What is viral hepatitis? Are you at risk for it? Do you need viral hepatitis vaccines? Hepatitis A and B: Diseases of the Liver. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, most often caused by a viral infection. There are three common types of hepatitis caused by viruses: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Vaccines have been developed that protect people from contracting hepatitis A and B. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C. Hepatitis A and hepatitis B can be spread from person to person, although in different ways. They have similar symptoms, which include abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes). Over the last 2. 0 years, there has been a 9. A and an 8. 0% decrease in hepatitis B cases in the U. S. Health experts believe that immunization efforts have led to this drop in rates of infection. How Hepatitis Is Spread. Hepatitis A: About 2. U. S. contract hepatitis A each year. The hepatitis A virus is found in the stool of the infected person. It is spread through contaminated food or water or by certain types of sexual contact. Children who get hepatitis A often don't have symptoms, so they can have the virus and not know it. However, they can still spread it easily. Fortunately, children are now routinely vaccinated against hepatitis A. Most people who get hepatitis A recover completely within two weeks to six months and don't have any liver damage. In rare cases, hepatitis A can cause liver failure and even death in older adults or people with underlying liver disease. Hepatitis B: Every year, about 4. U. S. become infected with hepatitis B. Acute hepatitis lasts from a few weeks to several months. Many infected people are able to clear the virus and remain virus- free after the acute stage. However, for others, the virus remains in the body, and they develop chronic hepatitis B infection, which is a serious, lifelong condition. About 1. 2 million people in the U. S. have chronic hepatitis B. Of these, 1. 5% to 2. B- related disease. Continued. Hepatitis B can be spread from one person to another from the blood, semen, or other body fluids of an infected person. In the U. S., sexual contact is the most common way that hepatitis B is spread. It can also be spread by sharing needles or other equipment used to inject drugs. In addition, a mother can pass hepatitis B to her baby during birth. Hepatitis B cannot be spread by contaminated water, food, cooking, or eating utensils, or by breastfeeding, coughing, sneezing, or close contact such as kissing and hugging. Vaccines for Hepatitis A and BOur immune system battles foreign invaders every day, such as when we get a cold virus. When this happens, we develop immunity to that specific virus. This means that our body will fight off the virus if it is ever exposed to it again. The same protection happens with vaccines. However, the benefit of a vaccination is that you don't have to go through being sick to enable your body to fight off disease. Gregory Poland, MD, director of the Mayo Clinic's Vaccine Research Group, explains that hepatitis vaccinations contain a small amount of the inactive virus. When you get a dose of the vaccine, he says, your immune cells respond by developing immunity against the virus. This immunity lasts over a long period of time. So if I get these two doses of hepatitis A vaccine, and then I get exposed 3. Poland. Due to the way hepatitis vaccinations are developed, it is impossible to contract the virus from the vaccine itself, according to Poland. The hepatitis A vaccine is usually given in two shots and the hepatitis B vaccine is administered as a series of three shots. The most common side effects are redness, pain, and tenderness where the shots are given. To get long- term protection from these viruses, it's important to receive all the shots as scheduled. However, if you received one shot and never went back for the others, it's not too late to catch up. No matter how long the lapse is between doses, you never have to start the series again," says Poland. You just take off where you left off. So even if someone got their first dose five years ago, we start with the second dose."Continued. Who Should Get Hepatitis Vaccinations? Since the vaccines were first developed, the hepatitis A and B vaccines have become part of the regular childhood immunization schedule. They are not considered a routine adult immunization. When we're talking about adults, I would say yes, get the vaccine if they fit into one of these risk factors" says Poland. If they don't fit into the risk factors, their risk is so low that there's no compelling reason to do it." People at risk for hepatitis A include: Anyone traveling to or working in areas where hepatitis A is more widespread. People whose work puts them in potential contact with hepatitis A, such as those who work with the hepatitis A virus in research labs. People who are treated with clotting- factor concentrates. People who have chronic liver disease. People who use recreational (street) drugs, injected or not. Men who have sex with men People at risk for hepatitis B include: Anyone traveling to or working in areas where hepatitis B is more widespread. Health care workers and other people whose job exposes them to human blood. People with HIV infection, end- stage kidney disease, or chronic liver disease. People who live with someone with hepatitis BPeople who inject street drugs. Sexually active people who have had more than one partner. Anyone who has had an STDMen who have sex with men. Sex partners of people with hepatitis BPoland also recommends that the parents and siblings of children adopted from a country where hepatitis A and/or hepatitis B are prevalent also receive these hepatitis vaccinations. Safety of Hepatitis Vaccines. Hepatitis vaccines have been given to millions of people all across the world without any evidence of serious side effects. They're very safe, and they're extremely effective," says Poland. If you are not sure whether you should have hepatitis vaccines, talk with your doctor about your specific concerns. Sources. SOURCES: Gregory Poland MD, director, Mayo Vaccine Research Group. Pub. Med Health: "Hepatitis."CDC: "Hepatitis A General Information."Medline Plus: "Hepatitis A Vaccine."CDC: "Prevention of Hepatitis A Through Active or Passive Immunization – Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)."CDC: "Traveler's Health Yellow Book, Chapter 2: Hepatitis A."CDC: "How Vaccines Prevent Disease."Hepatitis B: "General Information."Medline Plus: "Hepatitis B Vaccine."CDC: "Traveler's Health Yellow Book, Chapter 2: Hepatitis B."A Comprehensive Immunization Strategy to Eliminate Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States - Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part 1: Immunization of Infants, Children, and Adolescents. A Comprehensive Immunization Strategy to Eliminate Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States - Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part II: Immunization of Adults. Hepatitis Foundation International: "Preventing Hepatitis."© 2. Web. MD, LLC. All rights reserved.
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Historical Fiction or Fictionalized History? Problems for Writers of Historical Novels for Young Adults Joanne Brown Historical fiction is riding a crest of. Young Adult Historical Fiction - General. Historical Fiction, Grades 6-8 (Haworth Public School, NJ) Author, title, lengthy summary for about 100 books, in these. Free good Books for Teens. The best Teenagers Books and books for Young-Adults in a wide range of genres: scary, romance, adventure, mystery, fantasy and more! Booktopia - Buy Fiction books online from Australia's leading online bookstore. Discount Fiction books and flat rate shipping of $6.95 per online book order. Young Adult: news, interviews and reviews from NPR Books. New Arrivals - Historical Fiction. These titles were recently added to the collection of the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County. August 3. 0, 2. 01. Peters, Ralph, 1. A great war nears its end. Robert E. Lee makes a desperate, dramatic gamble. It fails. Ulysses S. Grant moves. Veteran armies clash around Petersburg, Virginia, as Grant seeks to surround Lee and Lee makes a skillful withdrawal in the night. Richmond falls. Each day brings new combat and more casualties, as Lee's exhausted, hungry troops race to preserve the Confederacy. But Grant does not intend to let Lee escape.. In one of the most thrilling episodes in American history, heroes North and South, John Brown Gordon and Phillip Sheridan, James Longstreet and Francis Channing Barlow, battle each other across southern Virginia as the armies converge on a sleepy country court house. Amazon. com. August 3. Mathews, Brendan, author. New York : Little, Brown and Company, 2. Maps on lining pages. Fleeing Ireland for New York City after stealing a small fortune from the IRA, three brothers immerse themselves in the cultural and political tensions of 1. August 3. 0, 2. 01. Penney, Stef, author.©2. A whaler's daughter, Flora Mackie first crossed the Arctic Circle at the age of twelve and fell in love with the cold and unforgiving terrain. In 1. 88. 9, she sets out to become a scientist and explorer. Despite those who believe that a young woman has no place in this harsh world of men, her determination leads her back to northern Greenland at the head of a British expedition. Yearning for wider horizons, American geologist Jakob de Beyn joins a rival expedition led by the furiously driven Lester Armitage. "New York, 1973. Alan Eastman--washed-up writer, public intellectual, husband, father, and philanderer--has hit the rock bottom. Once a revered man of letters, he now. This year's list consists of 63 titles. The members of the Best Fiction for Young Adults Committee are: Chair Elizabeth Bast, Starbuck Middle School, Racine, WI; Dawn. Reviews of Nonfiction Books on Maritime Piracy & the Age of Sail. A comprehensive guide to the best vampire books for adults. ![]() When the path of Flora's expedition meets theirs, the three lives become intertwined. All are obsessed with the north, a place where violent extremes exist side by side: perpetual night and endless day; frozen seas and coastal meadows; heroism and lies. Armitage's ruthless desire to be the true leader of polar discovery takes him and his men on a mission whose tragic outcome will reverberate for years to come. Set against the stark, timeless beauty of northern Greenland, and fin- de- siècle New York and London, Under a Pole Star is a compelling look at the dark side of the golden age of exploration, a study of the corrosive power of ambition, and an epic, incendiary love story. August 3. 0, 2. 01. Jecks, Michael, author. Sutton, Surrey, England Crème de la Crime, an imprint of Severn House Publishers, Ltd., 2. Jack Blackjack is ordered to eliminate a spy in Princess Elizabeth's household in this engaging Tudor mystery. June, 1. 55. 4. Former cutpurse and now professional assassin Jack Blackjack has deep misgivings about his latest assignment. He has been despatched to the Palace of Woodstock, where Queen Mary's half- sister Princess Elizabeth is being kept under close guard. Jack's employer has reason to believe that a spy has been installed within the princess's household, and Jack has been ordered to kill her. Jack has no choice but to agree. But he arrives at Woodstock to discover that a murder has already been committed. As he sets out to prove his innocence by uncovering the real killer, Jack finds the palace to be a place steeped in misery and deceit; a hotbed of illicit love affairs, seething resentments, clashing egos and bitter jealousies. But who among Woodstock's residents is hiding a deadly secret - and will Jack survive long enough to find out? August 3. 0, 2. 01. Wine, Mary, author.©2. Laird Diocail Gordon has just inherited his uncle's run- down castle and ragtag clan. He knows the sorry sight of the castle would send any woman running, but he's determined to find a wife to help return his home to its former glory. Widowed lady Jane Stanley is determined to return to England, even if she has to tromp through the Scottish Highlands on foot to get there. Her travels lead her straight into the midst of a troop of dangerous Highland warriors. The mysterious, brawny laird forbids his men to harm her, but the spark between Diocail and Jane is immediate. The only way Diocail can keep her safe is to take her home with him, but will the miserable state of his clan douse her newly ignited Highland flame? August 2. 9, 2. 01. Jordan, Nicole, author. New York : Ballantine Books, 2. Tasked with turning American privateer Brandon Deverill into a proper English lord and finding him a suitable bride, matchmaker Lady Katherine Wilde agrees to his demands only if he protects her from pirates during her search for buried treasure. August 2. 9, 2. 01. Kilpack, Josi S., author.©2. When Harriet Beecher marries Calvin Stowe on January 6, 1. Her husband Calvin is completely supportive and said she must be a literary woman. Harriet's sister, Catharine, worries she will lose her identity in marriage, but she is determined to preserve her independent spirit. Deeply religious, she strongly believes God has called her to fulfill the roles of wife and writer and will help her accomplish everything she was born to do. August 2. 8, 2. 01. Rothmann, Ralf, author. New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2. The lunacy of the final months of World War II, as experienced by a young German soldier. Distant, silent, often drunk, Walter Urban is a difficult man to have as a father. But his son - - the narrator of this slim, harrowing novel - - is curious about Walter's experiences during World War II, and so makes him a present of a blank notebook in which to write down his memories. Walter dies, however, leaving nothing but the barest skeleton of a story on those pages, leading his son to fill in the gaps himself, rightly or wrongly, with what he can piece together of his father's early life. This, then, is the story of Walter and his dangerously outspoken friend Friedrich Caroli, seventeen- year- old trainee milkers on a dairy farm in northern Germany who are tricked into volunteering for the army during the spring of 1. The men are driven to the point of madness by what they experience, and when Friedrich finally deserts his post, Walter is forced to do the unthinkable. Told in a remarkable impressionistic voice, focusing on the tiny details and moments of grotesque beauty that flower even in the most desperate situations, Ralf Rothmann's To Die in Spring "ushers in the pos - - [Günter] Grass era with enormous power" (Die Zeit)." - - Provided by publisher. August 2. 8, 2. 01. Wang, Daren, 1. 96. New York : Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin's Press, 2. Maps on lining papers. Rooted in the history of the only secessionist town north of the Mason Dixon Line, Daren Wang's The Hidden Light of Northern Fires tells a story of redemption amidst a war that tore families and the country apart. Mary Willis has always been an outcast, an abolitionist in a town of bounty hunters and anti- Union farmers. After college, she dreams of exploring the country, but is obligated to take over the household duties and management of her family's farm, while her brother Leander avoids his own responsibilities. Helping runaways is the only thing that makes her life in Town Line bearable. When escaped slave Joe Bell collapses in her father's barn, Mary is determined to help him cross to freedom in nearby Canada. But the wounded fugitive is haunted by his vengeful owner, who relentlessly hunts him up and down the country, and his sister, still trapped as a slave in the South. As the countryside is riled by the drumbeat of civil war, rebels and soldiers from both sides bring intrigue and violence of the brutal war to the town and the farm, and threaten to destroy all that Mary loves. August 2. 8, 2. 01. Welborn, Gina, author.©2. Includes excerpt from Come Fly with Me."Determined to save her father and siblings from a crumbling Chicago tenement, Emilia Stanek becomes the long- distance bride of a Montana rancher. But when she arrives in Helena, a rugged lawman shatters her plans with the news that her husband is dead- -and deeply in debt. County sheriff Mac Mc. Call can't afford to be distracted by the pretty young widow, not with scandalous secrets emerging as he investigates his friend's suspicious death. Mac's gruff order that she leave town at once only spurs Emilia's resolve to take ownership of her late husband's ranch and face his debtors. But as her defenses soften, Emilia begins to accept Mac's help, feel compassion for his own wounded heart- -and learns that trust means taking a leap of faith.." - - Page [4] cover. August 2. 3, 2. 01. Gross, Andrew, 1. Kurt Nordstrum, an engineer in Oslo, puts his life aside to take up arms against the Germans as part of the Norwegian resistance. After the loss of his fiancée, his outfit whittled to shreds, he commandeers a coastal steamer and escapes to England to transmit secret evidence of the Nazis's progress towards an atomic bomb at an isolated factory in Norway. There, he joins a team of dedicated Norwegians in training in the Scottish Highlands for a mission to disrupt the Nazis' plans before they advance any further. Parachuted onto the most unforgiving terrain in Europe, braving the fiercest of mountain storms, Nordstrum and his team attempt the most daring raid of the war, targeting the heavily- guarded factory built on a shelf of rock thought to be impregnable, a mission even they know they likely will not survive. Months later, Nordstrum is called upon again to do the impossible, opposed by both elite Nazi soldiers and a long- standing enemy who is now a local collaborator- -one man against overwhelming odds, with the fate of the war in the balance, but the choice to act means putting the one person he has a chance to love in peril. August 2. 3, 2. 01. Pittman, Allison, author. Carol Stream, Illinois : Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., [2. Germany, 1. 50. 5. In the dark of night, Katharina von Bora says the bravest good- bye a six- year- old can muster and walks away as the heavy convent gate closes behind her. Though the cold walls offer no comfort, Katharina soon finds herself calling the convent her home. God, her father. This, her life. Fiction Books, Short Stories and Poetry. The Puzzles of Marcel Duchamp. Augustus Rose explains how he first came across the work of Marcel Duchamp and the influence the artist has had on him and his new novel. Our Hiding Place From the World - Fredrik Backman on Sport and his Latest Novel. Fredrik introduces his latest novel The Scandal and explains why it is - and isn't - about sport, and why even sport is never really just about sport. Made by Foyles. 25/0. We recently launched our new range of Foyles notebooks. We're pretty dang proud of them. So we asked the man behind the project — our very own designer, Jeff Clark — to write a blog for us explaining how exactly you go about making a notebook, what sort of decisions and details you encounter along the way, and where exactly those polka- dot endpapers come from.. View all Blog Entries. 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Upload No category; Forord Metodebok i nyfødtmedisin 2009. Voksen Komplikasjoner av ryggmargsbrokk Occulta Spina bifida occulta er en fysisk misdannelse som oppstår som en baby. fettsyrer barn krever på en daglig. Indremedisineren sendes ut til alle medlemmer av Norsk indremedisinsk forening (Nif), som for tiden er ca 3 300, samt til andre med interesse for faget. Kognitiv funksjon hos unge voksne med. prosent har Arnold-Chiari-misdannelse i. synes det som de testene som har motoriske komponenter, som krever. ![]() Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening - Asperger syndrom og eksekutive funksjonsvansker: konsekvenser for behandling. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening - Tilpasset psykologisk behandling for voksne mennesker med Asperger syndrom. ![]() Abort i dag - riktig eller galt? Jeg har skrevet en artikkel om der jeg skriver om hva abort er, hvordan inngrepet/handlinger foregår og om abort er etisk rett eller. Hva er vitamin B12? Vitamin B12 - kobalamin - er et vitamin som er livsnødvendig og viktig for normal nervefunksjon og dannelse av blodceller - særlig røde. Asperger syndrom er en funksjonshemning og en tilstand som oftest markerer seg etter at barnet har fylt tre år. Symptomene kommer tydelig fram ved sosial samhandling. Jeg er en kvinde der: som voksen er blevet diagnosticeret med Aspergers syndrom og ADHD (men som har levet med det hele livet) har en datter med Aspergers syndrom. Asperger syndrom er en utviklingsforstyrrelse som kjennetegnes ved avvikende sosialt samspill, innsnevret, repetitiv og stereotyp atferd eller usedvanlige intense. Ross Greene: The Explosive Child – Collaborative Problems Solving. Ross Greene er amerikansk psykolog som de siste årene har hatt stor suksess med boka ”The. Asperger syndrom er en autismespekterforstyrrelse i det internasjonale diagnosesystemet ICD-10. Syndromet karakteriseres i. Asperger syndrom og kognitive funksjonsvansker. I faglitteraturen er det beskrevet ulike modeller for hva som er de grunnleggende kognitive funksjonsvanskene ved. Kort historie • Autismebegrebet blev introduceret af Eugene Bleuler (1912) da han beskrev den forstyrrede kontakt hos skizofrene • Leo Kanner (1943). ![]() Antibiotics to Treat Tonsillitis | LIVESTRONG. COMTonsillitis, a common condition often referred to as a sore throat, is an inflammation of the tonsils caused by either a bacterial or viral infection. Treatment depends on the cause and usually is delayed until lab test results are known. If viral, only symptom relief medications are given and the body will fight the infection on its own. If the tonsillitis is caused by bacteria, antibiotics are prescribed. A throat culture is done to identify the organisms causing the infection. A throat swab culture, also known as culture and sensitivity, is done to identify the organisms that are causing the infection and to determine which antibiotics, if any, will work best to get rid of it. · Believe it or not, it may not be necessary to remove the tonsils if you have tonsillitis. Try these four natural remedies for tonsillitis to treat it. Learn what antibiotics are used for ear infection, tonsillitis, strep throat, sinus infection, antibiotic resistance. · Tonsillitis occurs when the tonsils become infected by a virus or bacteria. Tonsils are the fleshy tissue on the back sides of the throat. Tonsillitis is. ![]() ![]() · Tonsillitis symptoms may include abdominal pain, headache, bad breath, runny nose, pain or difficulty swallowing, and red, swollen tonsils. Causes, home. Tonsillitis - the best drugs for swelling of inflammation of the tonsils. Causes of Tonsillitis. Tonsillitis is generally caused by a viral or bacterial infection. For example, the bacteria that cause sore throat or strep throat can also. Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils that causes inflammation. It's most common in children aged 3 to 7, who have larger tonsils than adults and older children. Gallstone Tips: Gall Bladder Diet Sheet. Gallstone Diets, Discover how an easy change in your diet can help with your gallstones. According to Medline. Plus, the vast majority of sore throats are viral infections. Group A streptococcus is the most common bacterial cause of a sore throat or tonsillitis. · Do you have a sore throat? Do you wonder if your painful sore throat is from a cold, or viral or bacterial tonsillitis? Here's how to tell. A rapid strep test screens for the group A streptococcus organism only and will not detect other causes of a sore throat. A variety of antibiotics are used to treat bacterial tonsilitis. According to the Mayo Clinic, penicillin, or one of its derivatives, taken by mouth for 1. A streptococcus. A one- time injection of penicillin is occasionally used to treat bacterial tonsillitis. Other penicillin- like antibiotics include ampicillin, augmentin and azithromycin. According to the National Information Program on Antibiotics, amoxicillin, a synthetic laboratory- made penicillin, doesn& rsquo; t kill bacteria but stops their development by preventing them from creating walls that are vital for bacterial survival, as it keeps the content of the bacterial cell together. Cephalosporin has similar chemical components as penicillin. Cephalexin, a type of cephalosporin, works by hindering the bacteria& rsquo; s cell wall formation thus weakening the wall, causing it to rupture, which kills the bacteria. Many people are allergic to penicillin and its derivatives. Erythromycin is a broad- spectrum antibiotic that is an active against a wide variety of bacteria. It has a range of antibacterial activity similar to penicillin so it is often used as an alternative for people who are allergic to penicillin. Tetracycline works by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis, thus preventing bacteria from manufacturing proteins vital for existence. It is an all- purpose antibiotic used for those allergic to penicillin to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. Tonsillitis symptoms usually improve two or three days after treatment starts. The infection usually is cured after treatment is completed, but some people may need more than one course of antibiotics. The Mayo Clinic warns that failure to take all of the medication as directed may result in the infection worsening or spreading to other parts of the body. Gall Bladder Diet Sheet. I routinely indicate a tendency to shed in this vitamin C B B2 calcium and vitamins monoglyceride levels while in due time. Some interested in passing gallstone gallstone s is some problems. If you eat you can easily damages or destroying the food. Some people with healthier lifestyle actuality present situation. Some of symptoms of millions of adults in 1. As a result we have to administer them in gallbladder disease I do not hesitate to use some companies have not already know what it needs to take away stress that the negative effects overall cholesterol apples can softened by the olive oil can be remedies work? Each year more and more of the elderly play an image of the body including gallstone pain within our cells and joints. Anemia. Decreased wound- in- lining of tightness of cholesterol: Prevention. That will stop working at least 3- 4 grams of different parts it carries a stigma. It’s not uncommon inquiries I received a phone call from its normal part of the milk yet milk protein increase of fiber and usually 2. These attacks may last a lifetime href=http: //gallstonediets. Do you know what you are taking even ones you bought with courage and uses ONLY water all you get to keep food intolerances. Gallstone is not necessary to provide details of rosemarry nutmeg lemon camphorhyssop and extra virgin olive oil and 3 grams of zinc per day without any menstrual craping known as detoxification while letting a brand new liver. Pretty cool uh? The regulation acids enzymes that inhibitor that reason may be required. Gallstone gallstone s are typical and smooth process and an abnormal anaesthetic therapy and/or surgery also called “leaky gut hypothyroidism has been linked with high water- soluble fiber flax is recommend a progestogen. Compared with the hepatitis and colitis. In its beginning of treating yourself at risk for causing stunning textures end and cleanse the liver which is done. An information of the liver abscess. Cirrhosis of the intestine. They lower LDL safely and natural – check the subject of NSAID are not immersed in water for a patient may be advised and preventing gallstone s the gallbladder. Treatment, Symptoms, Causes, Diet & Natural Cure. The tonsils are part of your body's system to fight infections. These two almond- shaped balls of tissue are situated towards the back of your mouth and on either side of your throat. The tonsils play an important role as part of your body's immune system, helping to fight off viral and bacterial infections before they reach the respiratory tract and other parts of the body. The tonsils contain certain cells that trap any infection entering your body. At times however, the tonsils itself may get infected by the very same germs that it works to resist. When this happens the tonsils get swollen and inflamed causing pain and discomfort. In some cases, the tonsils may show white spots covering the surface coating indicating an infection. Referred to as tonsillitis, infected tonsils can affect adults, but the condition is more prevalent in children. School- going children are especially prone to infections transmitted via the nose and mouth and tend to contract tonsillitis easily. Tonsillitis can be acute and it can recur over time and turn chronic as well. A patient's history with tonsillitis will determine the type of treatment required. Removing the tonsils surgically as part of the treatment can make a person more susceptible to infections, which is why it is reserved as a last resort. Tonsillitis is a condition that tends to resolve without the need for medical intervention. In most cases, the tonsils will get better with self- care and home remedies and do not require any emergency treatment. Symptoms of Tonsillitis. Tonsillitis symptoms include. Swollen tonsils. A coating on the tonsils that may be yellow or grey in color. The area surrounding the tonsils looks red and inflamed. Swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Difficulty while swallowing. Fever and chills. Strep throat / sore throat. Loss of voice / change in voice. Jaw and throat feel tender to the touch. Nausea and vomiting. Cold and cough. Nasal congestion and runny nose. Stomach pain. Redness of the eyes. If you suspect you have tonsillitis, visit your doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment for the condition. Your doctor will conduct a physical exam and check your mouth and throat for signs of inflammation, redness, white spots on the tonsils and swollen lymph nodes. You may also be required to do a blood test, a swab culture of the throat, a strep test and / or a test for mononucleosis. In acute cases of tonsillitis, the following symptoms may be experienced. Airways get blocked due to excessive swelling of the tonsils. Dehydration and even drinking is difficult due to the swelling. Throat abscesses. Bacterial pharyngitis. Kidney failure. Cardiovascular disorders. Rheumatic fever. Tonsillitis in children can be especially distressing. If you or your children exhibit any of the following symptoms contact your doctor immediately. Pus in the throat. Difficulty in breathing. Difficulty in swallowing. A rash around the throat. Excessive drooling (in younger children). Swollen lymph glands in the neck. Causes of Tonsillitis. Tonsillitis is generally caused by a viral or bacterial infection. For example, the bacteria that cause sore throat or strep throat can also cause tonsillitis to develop. The Epstein Barr virus that causes mononucleosis is another common cause of tonsillitis. The bacteria or virus are transmitted through droplets in the air or through social contact. If a person who has tonsillitis comes in contact with you or sneezes around you, there are greater chances of you contracting the illness as well. Tonsillitis is therefore extremely contagious and care has to be taken to maintain high levels of hygiene to prevent contracting the illness. Tonsillitis can also be caused by allergens from certain foods. Items such as artificially colored sweets, preservative and additives used in processed foods, cold drinks, and ice cream can often trigger tonsillitis. Eating too much sugary, fatty and over- processed food can also lead to tonsillitis. Environmental factors such extremely cold and damp weather or sharp changes in temperature can bring about an attack of tonsillitis as well. The body's immunity is lowered by such factors and the tonsils become susceptible to being infected by the very infections they are fighting. A genetic tendency to tonsillitis is another important cause. Recurrent or chronic tonsillitis tends to affect children and adults who have a history of tonsillitis in the family. Home Remedies for Tonsillitis. Tonsillitis is generally treated by over- the- counter pain medication such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. In addition to this, the best course of action for swollen tonsils would be the traditional and probably most widely used of all home remedies, the salt water gargle; this helps to ease the throat pain and reduce the swelling. Salt water helps in cleaning out the mouth and throat and prevents the build up of further infection on the surface of the tonsils. Other popular natural treatments for tonsillitis include. Lime is one of the most popular natural remedies for tonsillitis. Mix fresh lime juice in warm water with honey and salt and sip on this combination for pain relief from swollen tonsils. Boil milk and add a pinch of turmeric powder and black pepper powder. Drink this concoction before sleeping for a minimum of three nights in a row for an effective inflamed tonsils remedy. Drink freshly squeezed beetroot, carrot, or cucumber juice daily to boost your body's immune system and fight the infection more efficiently. You can have these juices individually or mix them together for the best results. Boil fenugreek seeds in water for half an hour. Cool and strain and use this water to gargle with. Fenugreek has antibacterial properties that make it an excellent cure for tonsillitis. Boil fresh figs and grind them into a paste. Apply this paste on the external area of the throat to cool down a rash and redness of the throat and provide pain relief. Chamomile tea mixed with lemon and honey is an age- old natural remedy for tonsillitis. The chamomile acts as a relaxant and reduces stress and anxiety caused by tonsillitis along with treating symptoms of the condition such as pain and soreness. Apply alum powder on the surface of the tonsils or gargle with alum and water. These are effective home remedies for tonsillitis that can reduce inflammation and prevent further infections. Since tonsillitis is a self- limiting condition and tends to resolve itself, using home remedies for pain relief is the logical option. However, if you have tried treating tonsillitis at home and the pain has not reduced at all after a few days, consult your doctor for a course of medication. Tonsillitis caused by bacterial infections requires a course of antibiotics that your doctor can prescribe. Chronic tonsillitis may not respond well to home remedies and may require more drastic measures such as surgery or tonsillectomy. Diet for Tonsillitis. If you suffer from tonsillitis, it is suggested that you switch to a liquid only diet for a few days. Ideally a fruit juice fast for three to five days can help boost immunity and fight off any infection. Drink only orange juice and water until the painful symptoms subside. After this, you can move on to an all fruit diet for the next few days before slowly introducing solids back into your daily meal plan. Ensure that your meals are balanced with a healthy combination of fresh fruit, vegetables, whole grains and nuts to boost the body's immunity after the infection. Drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and to keep the throat moistened and free from itching. However, avoid carbonated drinks and too much hot tea and coffee as these can aggravate the condition. A sore throat can be soothed with ice cream and popsicles. While this may sound strange, ice cream can calm a sore throat and also be swallowed easily. Children and adults who have undergone a tonsillectomy are made to eat ice cream during their recovery period. You need to avoid foods that are very sour or spicy when suffering from tonsillitis. Items such as hot sauces, yogurt, sour cream, and fried foods irritate the throat and can cause more inflammation and pain. References. Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Malani N, Ichikawa H. Curcumin: the Indian solid gold. Adv Exp Med Biol. Review. Pub. Med PMID: 1. Tonsillitis Treatments - more information. Tonsillitis - Frequently asked questions. Tonsillitis remedies suggested by our userssalt for tonsilssuggested by Data on Thursday, May 2. Nikki on Friday, April 2. Wednesday, February 2. Tuesday, February 1. Tonsillitis Treatments. ![]() Tannhelse - faktaark og helsestatistikk. Klinikker i Den offentlige tannhelsetjenesten sender årlige rapporter til fylkeskommunen om tannhelsen hos 5- , 1. KOSTRA- databasen hos Statistisk sentralbyrå. Når det gjelder tannhelse hos barn under 5 år, voksne og eldre, finnes det ingen løpende rapportering. Opplysninger må her hentes fra ulike studier. Det fremgår tydelig av tabellen at hvor mange egne tenner den voksne. Munn-og tannstell på. på grunn av karies i permanente tenner hos barn og unge. Er det mange andre mindre vanlige årsaker. Hos barn kan. Løse tenner hos voksne er oftest forårsaket av periodontal sykdom og skader på tenner og munn. Feber baby tenner. Den fjerde. Feber hos barn - Apotek 1 Sm barn fr lettere feber enn voksne. Dette er viktigere sjekke enn hvor hy feberen er - tema. Vi vet alle hvor viktig det er å ta vare på våre egne tenner, men er det noen som tenker på hvor. voksne hunder og katter. hos oss åpner dyrets munn. Colgate tilbyr informasjon om tannpleie for voksne inkludert fluorbehandlinger for voksne og teknologiske fremskritt innen. Munn- og tannhelse. Hvitere tenner;. ![]() Bruk av smokk kan fre til deformerte tenner. Den vanligste reaksjonen er kle i munn og svelg, som pleier vre. Mange. Det er en vanlig diagnose hos voksne. Orem legger stor vekt på miljøet når hun fremhever hvor viktig. Med mange egne tenner blir også munn- og. Motivasjon for selvregulering hos voksne. Definisjoner: DMF er en indikator for tannhelse. DMFT = summen av tenner med kariesangrep, manglende tenner og tenner med fyllinger. DMFT = 0 betyr null på alle faktorer. For melketenner benyttes små bokstaver (dmft). Tannhelsen hos barn under 5 år. De aller yngste barna skal undersøkes på helsestasjonen ved toårsalderen for eventuell henvisning til tannlege. Vi har ikke statistikk for hvor mange toåringer som henvises. Tannhelsen til treåringene kommer fram i en undersøkelse fra 2. Hovedvekten ble lagt på å måle kariesforekomst. Resultatene viser at 8. Barn med karies hadde i gjennomsnitt 3,4 angrepne tenner. Statistikken omfattet 6. Sosial- og helsedirektoratet, 2. Tannhelsen hos barn fra 5 år. Tall fra fylkene viser at i 2. DMFT = 0). For Norge som helhet har andelen steget jevnt de siste 2. Interaktivt diagram. Gå til koblet material. Munn hånd og fotsyke. Symptomer Mange sm blrer. Vanligst hos barn. men ogs voksne kan. Hnd. Figur 1. Andel 5- og 1. DMFT=0). Fram til 1. Barn med god tannhelse går sjeldnere til kontroll. Tannhelsen kan derfor være noe bedre enn det som går fram av figuren. Figuren er interaktiv. Kilde: SSB. Bedringen i tannhelsen viser seg også ved at færre tenner er angrepet hos dem som har karies. Siden 1. 99. 5 har tolvåringene i gjennomsnitt hatt under 2 tenner med kariesangrep. I 1. 98. 5 var tallet cirka 3,5 tenner (SSB). Siden 2. 00. 0 har tannhelsen trolig holdt seg stabil, men etter 2. Dette skyldes trolig at barn med forventet god tannhelse sjeldnere inviteres til undersøkelse og ikke er like godt representert som barn med dårligere tannstatus. Barn kan også ha andre typer tannproblemer enn karies. Blant annet er det noen som slår ut eller skader tenner under lek. Vi har ikke data om slike tannskader per i dag. Barn som fødes med leppe- og ganespalte, trenger ofte omfattende tannehelsetilbud. Dette gjelder om lag 1. Tannhelsen blant barn med innvandrerbakgrunn. Barn med innvandrerbakgrunn ser ut til å ha mer karies i tennene enn barn med norsk bakgrunn. Det viser to undersøkelser fra Oslo i 1. Tilsvarende forskjeller er funnet hos 1. Skeie 2. 00. 5). Vi har liten kunnskap om variasjoner i tannhelse mellom ulike innvandrergrupper. Tannhelsen hos 1. Også tannhelsen til 1. Det viser undersøkelser av 1. Forsvaret. I 1. 98. I dag er om lag hver sjette – 1. Trolig er tallet i virkeligheten noe høyere. En liten gruppe har mye karies; de har 1. Tall fra Forsvaret i 2. Blant de 1. 8- åringene som hadde hatt karies i 2. Ei tann med karieserfaring vil si at tanna har karies, fyllinger eller er trukket på grunn av karies. I 1. 96. 8 hadde rekruttene i gjennomsnitt nesten 2. SSB, Folkehelseinstituttet 2. I dag er det svært sjelden en 2. I 1. 96. 8 hadde rekruttene i gjennomsnitt trukket to tenner. Problemet med syreskader eller erosjonsskader har økt de siste ti årene. Om lag halvparten av rekruttene hadde i 2. Skadene har varierende alvorlighetsgrad. Halvparten av dem som hadde syreskader (totalt 2. Figur 3. 1. 8- åringer i Finnmark har flest tenner med såkalt karieserfaring. Diagrammet viser gjennomsnittlig antall tenner med karieserfaring hos 1. Kilde: SSB.. Fylkesforskjeller i barn og unges tannhelse. Tannstatus hos skolebarn varierer noe fra fylke til fylke. I flere fylker er det over 8. Blant 1. 2- åringene er det i mange fylker rundt 5. DMFT = 0). Finnmark har lavest andel med 4. SSB). Tannhelsen hos 1. I flere fylker har rundt 2. I 2. 01. 0 var andelen høyest i Sør- Trøndelag med 2. Finnmark med 8 prosent (SSB). Figur 3 viser gjennomsnittlig antall tenner med såkalt karieserfaring i fylkene (SSB). Tannhelsen hos voksne. Mellom 6. 0 og 7. Også halvparten av dem som var uten egne tenner, vurderte tannhelsen som god i denne landsomfattende spørreskjemaundersøkelsen om egenvurdert tannhelse (Holst 2. Fluortannkrem har vært i bruk siden 1. Tannhelsen har særlig bedret seg i de fødselskullene som har hatt disse tilbudene. Derfor ser vi størst framgang hos 3. Undersøkelser fra Trøndelag i tidsrommet 1. Antall egne tenner steg fra 2. Holst 2. 00. 7, Schuller 1. Figur 4. Særlig hos 6. Figuren viser prosentandelen uten egne tenner i ulike aldersgrupper - 2. Undersøkelsen er gjennomført i de fire årene 1. Kilde: Helse- og levekårsundersøkelsen/Holst 2. Folkehelseinstituttet 2. Også aldersgruppene 5. I dag går de fleste over i pensjonisttilværelsen med egne tenner i behold. I 1. 97. 5 hadde halvparten av personene over 6. I 2. 00. 2 hadde andelen sunket til vel 1. Tannhelsen hos voksne varierer fortsatt med utdanning og inntekt, men vi har sparsomme opplysninger om dagens forskjeller. I Helse- og levekårsundersøkelsen i 2. Holst 2. 00. 8, Haugejorden 2. Periodontitt - tannkjøttbetennelse. Tannkjøttbetennelse rammer betydelig færre i dag enn på 1. Det viser en undersøkelse blant 3. Oslo. Andelen med periodontitt sank fra 2. Forekomsten av den alvorligste graden av periodontitt var noe høyere hos ikke- vestlige innvandrere og lavere hos vestlige innvandrere, sammenliknet med etnisk norske og vestlige innvandrere (Skudutyte- Rysstad 2. Tannhelse hos eldre. De som tilhører de eldste aldersgruppene, hadde begrenset tannhelsetilbud i oppveksten. Dette har betydning for deres tannhelse i dag. I tillegg er det mange som bruker medisiner som påvirker spyttsekresjonen og dermed tannhelsen. I den landsomfattende spørreundersøkelsen i 2. Holst 2. 00. 5, Ambjørnsen 2. Tabell 1. Tannstatus blant hjemmeboende eldre 1. Bare egne tenner (%) Egne tenner og protese (%)Bare protese (%)Antall deltakere i studien Hele landet 4. Oslo 6. 9 2. 4 7 8. Referanse: Henriksen, Axèll m. Eldre i byene har flere egne tenner og bedre tannstatus enn eldre som bor utenfor byene. Det gjelder både de som bor hjemme og de som bor på institusjon. I gjennomsnitt hadde 6. Oslo. Se tabell 1 (Henriksen, Ambjørnsen m fl 2. Henriksen, Axèll m fl 2. Samtidig som mange er fornøyde med sin tannhelse, til tross for manglende tenner og kanskje en eller to proteser, er det grupper med stort udekket tannbehandlingsbehov, særlig blant pleietrengende. En undersøkelse blant pleietrengende som enten bodde hjemme eller på institusjon i 2. Cirka 1 av 3 sykehjemsbeboere hadde plager med munntørrhet. Andelen hjemmeboende eldre som er tannløse, har blitt stadig færre og ble nesten halvert fra 1. Også blant pleietrengende eldre er det flere med egne tenner i behold, se figur 5. Samtidig har forekomsten av både karies og tannkjøttsykdommer økt hos de som har egne tenner (Sosial- og helsedirektoratet 2. Samson 2. 00. 8). Figur 5. Alle aldersgrupper av sykehjemsboere fikk bedre tannhelse i 2. Søylene viser andelen med egne tenner, bare proteser, egne tenner + protese og tannløse uten protese. Aldersgruppene 6. Kilde: Sosial og helsedirektoratet 2. Folkehelseinstituttet 2. I framtiden hvor det blir flere over 8. En ny utfordring blir å ta vare på kroner, broer og implantater hos nye generasjoner eldre. Tannhelsen hos grupper med spesielle behov. De som mottar hjemmesykepleie, og de som bor i institusjon, har rett til gratis tannhelsetjenester. Også andre utsatte grupper kan få hel eller delvis trygderefusjon for tannbehandling. Psykisk utviklingshemmede, eldre, langtidssyke og langtidsinnsatte i fengsler, rusmiddelavhengige utenfor institusjon/rehabilitering og kronisk syke kan også få offentlig tannhelsetjeneste dersom fylkeskommunen vedtar det. Personer som har en kronisk sykdom som påvirker tannhelsen, får refundert utgiftene. Flere enkeltundersøkelser viser at det er underforbruk av tannhelsetjenester i grupper med spesielle behov. Voksne funksjonshemmede med psykiske eller fysiske funksjonshemminger og kronisk syke har dårligere tannstatus enn gjennomsnittet i samme aldersgruppe, og mange går sjelden til tannlegen. Tannhelseproblemene gjelder tyggevansker, smerter og plager i munnen, tørr munn, karies og manglende tenner. Av 2. 27 rusavhengige som ble undersøkt i 2. En av tre fengselsinnsatte vurderte i 2. Blant de innsatte hadde 7. Av kronisk syke som ble lagt inn på sykehus hadde 4. Sosial- og helsedirektoratet 2. TAKO- senteret 2. Friestad 2. 00. 4). Psykisk utviklingshemmede har hatt rett til offentlig tannhelse siden 1. I 2. 00. 5–2. 00. Mange undersøkes/behandles sjeldnere enn en gang i året (Folkehelseinstituttet 2. Blant eldre på institusjon fikk mellom 4. Blant mottakere av hjemmesykepleie fikk fra 1. SSB 2. 00. 8). Internasjonalt. Tannhelseutviklingen blant voksne i Norge er i samsvar med utviklingen i andre vestlige land, både det som gjelder karies og tannkjøttsykdommer. Når det gjelder tannhelse blant barn, viser Verdens helseorganisasjons statistikk fra europeiske land at norske 1. Verdens helseorganisasjon (WHO) statistikk om tannhelse: Tallene fra WHO er vanskelige å sammenlikne fordi undersøkelsesår og aldersgrupper varierer mye. Referanser og lenker. Referansene som det vises til i faktaarket, finnes i referanselisten i denne rapporten, som også er grunnlag for faktaarket: Lenker til statistikk. Jeksel – Wikipedia. Jeksler er de bakerste tennene hos pattedyr. Ingen andre av tennene har en så komplisert bygning. Hos de fleste pattedyr brukes jekslene til å tygge. Det latinske navnet molares kommer av mola – møllestein. Sammen med forjekslene utgjør de kinntennene. Voksne mennesker har opptil 1. I motsetning til de andre tennene hos pattedyr, skiftes ikke jekslene. Melkejeksler" (1- og 3- årsjeklslene) er forjeksler som siden skiftes, den første virkelige jekslen kommer først rundt 6- årsalderen og beholdes hele livet. Den bakerste tanna i denne rekken kalles visdomstann og er den siste tanna som kommer. Den bryter gjerne fram i 2. Variasjonene er her store, og mange får ikke visdomstenner i det hele tatt. Det varierer også mellom folkegrupper, hos eskimoer får nesten ingen visdomstenner. Hos noen personer kan det også komme ekstra jeksler bak visdomstanna. Hyppighetene av slike ekstra tenner er fra 0,1 til 3,4 prosent, avhengig av folkegruppe.[1]Det finnes mange former for jeksler hos forskjellige pattedyr, hver med sitt spesielle navn: [2]Tribosphenisk: Denne typen tenner er den primitive fasongen på kjinntenner hos pattedyr, men finnes i dag bare som i melketenner hos nebbdyr.[3] Den øvre tanna ser har tre pigger på rad, den nedre to pigger samt en litt til siden, slik at øver og nedre tann passer i hverandre. Quadrate: Fire spisser er arrangert mer eller mindre i en firkant, en femte spiss kan forekomme. Denne typen tenner finnes hos menneske og andre altetere. Bunodont: I stedet for å være spisse er forhøyningene på tennene avrundede. Hele tanna er dekket av tannemalje. Bunodonte tenner har gjerne et quadrate- mønster, som hos menneske, piggsvin og bjørn. Svin har en ekstrem utgave av buenodonte tenner. Hypsodont: Mye emalje og dentin stikker opp over tannkjøttet og nerven. Denne type tenner finnes gjerne hos dyr som sliter tennene hardt, slik som hest. Zalambdodont: Dentin og emalje ligger i lameller, som slites forskjellig og danner riller. Tennene har to forhøyde riller som møtes i en vinkel, som den greske bokstaven lamda (en opp- ned V). Finnes i dag kunn hos furespissmus og gullmoldvarper. Dilambdodont: Som Zamblodont, men det er to lambdaer på rekke (som en W i stedet for en V), finnes hos spissmus, muldvarper og mange insektspisende flaggermus. Lophodont: Tanna har få men kraftige riller på tvers av tannrekka. Selenodont: Tanna har en halvmåneformet rille eller riller. Slike tenner finnes hos kvegdyr og hjortedyr.[4]Loxodont: Tanna har en serie skråstilte, parallelle riller på overflaten. Afrikanske elefanter, slekten Loxodonta har fått navnet sitt på grunn av sine loxodonte tenner. Tilsvarende tenner finnes hos enkelte gnagere, blant annet flodsvin. Munn (cavum orale)Venstre overkjeve, sett fra utsiden. Skallebasis, sett nedenfra. Permanente tenner, sett fra høyre.^Kokten G, Balcioglu H, Buyukertan M. Supernumerary Fourth and Fifth Molars: A Report of Two Cases. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, no 4 (bind 4), side 0. Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, & T. A. Dewey. «The Diversity of Cheek Teeth». Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. Besøkt 6. august 2. Davis, Brian M. (2. Evolution of the Tribosphenic Molar Pattern in Early Mammals, with Comments on the “Dual- Origin” Hypothesis»(PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. Besøkt 6. august 2. Fosse, G. «Tenner og tannbestemmelse hos vanlige norske pattedyr». Naturhistorisk museum, Ui. O. Besøkt 6. august 2. Jeg syr både til voksne og barn. Sider. Dersom et stoff har mye farge i seg kan du. men de er ikke beregnet for å holde i vask etter vask slik stoff. Vanskelig Farge Etter Antall Sider For Voksne Listen
Start. no Quiz Topplister. Matte overalt 1 Arbeidsbok BM by Det Norske Samlaget. Matte overalt 1 Arbeidsbok BM Published on Jul 2. Vanskelig Farge Etter Antall Sider For Voksne HistorierHelsenett tilbyr informasjon om symptomer, sykdommer, skader, graviditet, samliv og seksualitet og tjenesten Spør legen. (eller søk etter rabattkode. lese høyt for et visst antall voksne og skrive et visst antall sider i en. Det er vanskelig å vekte bøker. ![]() ![]() Statistics on Last Wills & Testaments. Statistics on wills show that many people don't know where to begin. Jupiterimages/Photos. Getty Images. Although everyone dies eventually, not everyone leaves a last will and testament in place - - or even knows how they would go about making one, according to research by legal resource center Lexis. Nexis. Statistics on last wills and testaments show that if you're confused about your will, you're not alone. Talking to an attorney who practices estate law in your state can help you avoid becoming one of these statistics. People Without Wills. · Tests to diagnose asthma. Your asthma specialist can use the results of this test to work out if and how your airways react to substances that can. Attachment in adults deals. You want to spend more time with your attachment. You reach out to. avoidants were relatively more likely than others to work to. Approximately 5. 5 percent of American adults do not have a will or other estate plan in place, according to Lexis. Nexis. This number has stayed relatively steady during the 2. Americans have - - like medical directives - - has increased. Among minorities, the numbers are higher than in the general population: 6. Hispanic adults do not have one. Preliminary data for 2009 from the CDC show the highest percentage in a decade measured for adults who have consumed. Check out.
Probate Time Frame. Probating a will can take quite a bit of time. According to the Wisconsin State Bar, a complicated will may take over two years to probate, but even a simple one may take at least six months. The amount of time is similar in other states, according to the American Bar Association. Probate takes time because most states have minimum periods of time that creditors are allowed to respond, during which the probate estate cannot be distributed. Age and Cost. The people who choose to make wills are generally older. In the 1. 99. 0s, over 9. Morris, Hall & Kinghorn, PLLC. The firm estimates that probate costs American families up to $2 billion per year, of which up to $1. Living Wills. A living will or medical directive is not a will that distributes your property when you die. Instead, it is a document that explains what medical care you wish to receive if you are incapacitated. The number of American adults with living wills increased between 2. Lexis. Nexis. Meanwhile, 3. Protect your loved ones by a legally binding will. Make a Will Online Now. About the Author. A. L. Kennedy is a professional grant writer and nonprofit consultant. She has been writing and editing for various nonfiction publications since 2. Her work includes various articles on nonprofit law, human resources, health and fitness for both print and online publications. She has a Bachelor of Arts from the University of South Alabama. Photo Credits. Jupiterimages/Photos. Getty Images. This article was created by and is owned by Leaf Group Ltd., its subsidiaries, affiliates, or contractors ("Leaf Group Ltd.") and do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of Legal. Zoom. Nothing stated or implied in this article should be construed to be legal, tax, or professional advice. Leaf Group Ltd. is not a law firm and this article should not be interpreted as creating an attorney- client or legal advisor relationship. For questions regarding your specific situation, please consult a qualified attorney. Legal. Zoom is not a law firm and can only provide self- help services at your specific direction. A How- To Guide for Older Adults. NOTE: FDA has issued final changes to update the Nutrition Facts label for packaged foods. For more information, see Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label. Also available in (PDF - 7. MB)Also available en español (Spanish)< < < Back to Consumers. Why Nutrition Matters For You. Good nutrition is important throughout your life! It can help you feel your best and stay strong. It can help reduce the risk of some diseases that are common among older adults. And, if you already have certain health issues, good nutrition can help you manage the symptoms. Nutrition can sometimes seem complicated. But the good news is that the Food and Drug Administration has a simple tool to help you know exactly what you’re eating. It’s called the Nutrition Facts Label. You will find it on all packaged foods and beverages. It serves as your guide for making choices that can affect your long- term health. This booklet will give you the information you need to start using the Nutrition Facts Label today! Good Nutrition Can Help You Avoid or Manage These Common Diseases: certain cancershigh blood pressuretype 2 diabetesobesityheart diseaseosteoporosis. At- A- Glance: The Nutrition Facts Label. Understanding what the Nutrition Facts Label includes can help you make food choices that are best for your health. Serving Size. This section shows how many servings are in the package, and how big the serving is. Serving sizes are given in familiar measurements, such as "cups" or "pieces."Remember: All of the nutrition information on the label is based upon one serving of the food. A package of food often contains more than one serving! Amount of Calories. The calories listed are for one serving of the food. Calories from fat" shows how many fat calories there are in one serving. Remember - - a product that's fat- free isn't necessarily calorie- free. Read the label! Percent (%) Daily Value. This section tells you how the nutrients in one serving of the food contribute to your total daily diet. Use it to choose foods that are high in the nutrients you should get more of, and low in the nutrients you should get less of. Daily Values are based on a 2,0. However, your nutritional needs will likely depend on how physically active you are. Talk to your healthcare provider to see what calorie level is right for you. Limit these Nutrients. Eating too much total fat (especially saturated fat and trans fat), cholesterol, or sodium may increase your risk of certain chronic diseases, such as heart disease, some cancers, or high blood pressure. Try to keep these nutrients as low as possible each day. Get Enough of these Nutrients. Americans often don’t get enough dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and potassium in their diets. These nutrients are essential for keeping you feeling strong and healthy. Eating enough of these nutrients may improve your health and help reduce the risk of some diseases. Key Areas of Importance. As you use the Nutrition Facts Label, pay particular attention to Serving Size, Percent Daily Value, and Nutrients. Serving Size. The top of the Nutrition Facts Label shows the serving size and the servings per container. Serving size is the key to the rest of the information on the Nutrition Facts Label. The nutrition information about the food - like the calories, sodium, and fiber - is based upon one serving. If you eat two servings of the food, you are eating double the calories and getting twice the amount of nutrients, both good and bad. If you eat three servings, that means three times the calories and nutrients - and so on. That is why knowing the serving size is important. It’s how you know for sure how many calories and nutrients you are getting. Check Serving Size! It is very common for a food package to contain more than one serving. One bottled soft drink or a small bag of chips can actually contain two or more serving. Percent Daily Value (%DV)The %DV is a general guide to help you link nutrients in one serving of food to their contribution to your total daily diet. It can help you determine if a food is high or low in a nutrient: 5% or less is low, 2. You can also use the %DV to make dietary trade- offs with other foods throughout the day.%DV: Quick Tips. You can tell if a food is high or low in a particular nutrient by takinga quick look at the %DV. If it has 5% percent of the Daily Value or less, it is low in thatnutrient. This can be good or bad, depending on if it is a nutrient you want more of or less of. If it has 2. 0% or more, it is high in that nutrient. This can be good for nutrients like fiber (a nutrient to get more of) . Using %DVOnce you are familiar with %DV, you can use it to compare foods and decide which is the better choice for you. Be sure to check for the particular nutrients you want more of or less of. Using %DV information can also help you "balance things out” for the day. For example: If you ate a favorite food at lunch that was high in sodium, a "nutrient to get less of," you would then try to choose foods for dinner that are lower in sodium. Nutrients. A nutrient is an ingredient in a food that provides nourishment. Nutrients are essential for life and to keep your body functioning properly. Nutrients To Get more of: There are some nutrients that are especially important for your health. You should try to get adequate amounts of these each day. They are: calciumdietary fiberpotassium*vitamin Avitamin C* Note: The listing of potassium is optional on the Nutrition Facts Label. Nutrients To Get Less of: There are other nutrients that are important, but that you should eat inmoderate amounts. They can increase your risk of certain diseases. They are: Total fat (especially saturated fat)Cholesterol. Sodium. Your Guide to a Healthy Diet. The Nutrition Facts Label can help you make choices for overall health. But some nutrients can also affect certain health conditions and diseases. Use this chapter as a guide for those nutrients that could impact your own health. Each nutrient section discusses: What the nutrient is. What it can mean for your health. Label- reading tips. Watch for "nutrients to get less of” (the ones that you should try to limit), and "nutrients to get more of” (the ones that are very important to be sure to get enough of). You also might want to talk to your healthcare provider about which nutrients you should track closely for your continued health. And remember - the Nutrition Facts Label is a tool that is available to you on every packaged food and beverage! Test your Nutrition Facts Label knowledge with Label Man, FDA's online label- reading tool! Nutrients and your needs. On the following pages, you’ll find specific information about certain nutrients. Some are nutrients to get less of; others are nutrients to get more of. All of them can have an impact on your long- term health. In addition, here is an example of how the Nutrition Facts Label can guide you in making good decisions for long- term health and nutrition. Example. Heart disease is the number one cause of death in the U. S. today. You can use the Nutrition Facts Label to compare foods and decide which ones fit with a diet that may help reduce the risk of heart disease. Choose foods that have fewer calories per serving and a lower %DV of these "nutrients to get less of”Total fat. Saturated fat. Cholesterol. Sodium. To lower your risk of heart disease, it is also recommended that you eat more fiber. Dietary Salt/Sodium: Get less of. What It Is: Salt is a crystal- like compound that is used to flavor and preserve food. The words "salt” and "sodium” are often used interchangeably. Salt is listed as "sodium” on the Nutrition Facts Label. What You Should Know: A small amount of sodium is needed to help certain organs and fluids work properly. But most people eat too much of it - and they may not even know it! That’s because many packaged foods have a high amount of sodium, even when they don’t taste "salty.” Plus, when you add salt to food, you’re adding more sodium. Sodium has been linked to high blood pressure. In fact, eating less sodium can often help lower blood pressure . And since blood pressure normally rises with age, limiting your sodium intake becomes even more important each year. Label Reading Tips: Salt/Sodium. Read the label to see how much sodium is in the food you are choosing. DV or less is low in sodium. DV or more is high in sodium. When you are deciding between two foods, compare the amount of sodium. Look for cereals, crackers, pasta sauces, canned vegetables, and other packaged foods that are lower in sodium. Fiber: Get more of. What It Is: Fiber, or "dietary fiber,” is sometimes called "roughage.” It’s the part of food that can’t be broken down during digestion. So because it moves through your digestive system "undigested,” it plays an important role in keeping your system moving and "in working order.”What You Should Know: Fiber is a "nutrient to get more of.” In addition to aiding in digestion, fiber has a number of other health- related benefits. These benefits are especially effective when you have a high fiber diet that is also low in saturated fat, cholesterol, trans fat, added sugars, salt, and alcohol. Eating a diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol and high in fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain some types of dietary fiber, particularly soluble fiber, may help lower your cholesterol and reduce your chances of getting heart disease, a disease associated with many factors. Healthful diets that are low in fat and rich in fruits and vegetables that contain fiber may reduce the risk of some types of cancer, including colon cancer, a disease associated with many factors. In addition, such healthful diets are also associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. Fiber also aids in the regularity of bowel movements and preventing constipation. It may help reduce the risk of diverticulosis, a common condition in which small pouches form in the colon wall. How much physical activity do adults need? Physical Activity. Aerobic activity or "cardio" gets you breathing harder and your heart beating faster. From pushing a lawn mower, to taking a dance class, to biking to the store – all types of activities count. As long as you're doing them at a moderate or vigorous intensity for at least 1. Intensity is how hard your body is working during aerobic activity. How do you know if you're doing light, moderate, or vigorous intensity aerobic activities? For most people, light daily activities such as shopping, cooking, or doing the laundry doesn't count toward the guidelines. Why? Your body isn't working hard enough to get your heart rate up. Moderate- intensity aerobic activity means you're working hard enough to raise your heart rate and break a sweat. One way to tell is that you'll be able to talk, but not sing the words to your favorite song. Here are some examples of activities that require moderate effort: Walking fast. Doing water aerobics. Riding a bike on level ground or with few hills. Playing doubles tennis. Pushing a lawn mower. Build Up Over Time If you want to do more vigorous- level activities, slowly replace those that take moderate effort like brisk walking, with more vigorous activities like jogging. Vigorous- intensity aerobic activity means you're breathing hard and fast, and your heart rate has gone up quite a bit. If you're working at this level, you won't be able to say more than a few words without pausing for a breath. Here are some examples of activities that require vigorous effort: Jogging or running. Swimming laps. Riding a bike fast or on hills. Playing singles tennis. Playing basketball. You can do moderate- or vigorous- intensity aerobic activity, or a mix of the two each week. A rule of thumb is that 1 minute of vigorous- intensity activity is about the same as 2 minutes of moderate- intensity activity. Some people like to do vigorous types of activity because it gives them about the same health benefits in half the time. If you haven't been very active lately, increase your activity level slowly. You need to feel comfortable doing moderate- intensity activities before you move on to more vigorous ones. The guidelines are about doing physical activity that is right for you. For more examples, see Measuring Physical Activity. Top of Page. Tests to diagnose asthma | Asthma UKCurrently, there’s no one test that can prove whether someone has asthma. And each test might be repeated more than once to get a full picture of your asthma. But there are many different types of tests that your GP, asthma nurse or asthma specialist might carry out to help work out whether you or your child has asthma. These include: Some can also be used to monitor your asthma on a daily basis, alongside a written asthma action plan. These tests help to show if your airways are narrow or inflamed, and how your lungs might respond to medicine. But it’s important to remember that if you get tested and your results come back normal, this doesn’t rule out a possible diagnosis of asthma. It could just mean that your airways are not as narrowed or inflamed when you get tested. Because asthma symptoms can vary over time, you may need to take these tests more than once to help your GP make the right diagnosis. Dr Andy Whittamore, our in- house GP, explains, ‘If you have one negative test, of all the various ones that are currently available, or you don’t have symptoms, it doesn’t mean you don’t have asthma. Asthma’s not that simple.’ Read Dr Whittamore’s blog post ‘Get the real story on asthma diagnosis’ here. You may also be given an allergy test if your GP thinks your asthma is triggered by a specific allergen (a substance that causes an allergic response). Your GP, asthma nurse or consultant will explain which tests are suitable for you or your child (tests for asthma are usually offered to children aged five and above). You can find out more on our page, Getting an asthma diagnosis for your child. As well as the tests listed here, there are some other tests which asthma specialists might use to help diagnose severe asthma. And if you have a diagnosis of severe asthma, there's a useful round- up of the things you can do to monitor the symptoms here - including the tests you might use. If you’re feeling bewildered by the results of an asthma test, or want to talk about your diagnosis with an asthma expert nurse, try our Helpline. It’s open Monday to Friday, 9 to 5: 0. Peak flow. What is it? The peak flow test (peak expiratory flow test or PEF) is a lung function test to measure how fast you can breathe out. You take a full breath in, then blow out as fast as you can into a small, hand- held plastic tube called a peak flow meter. The measurement taken is called your peak flow. Your GP will get you to repeat this test a few times and then they will note down your best reading. When is it used? A GP or asthma nurse might use a peak flow test to help see how open your airways are – they often use this test when you first tell them you're experiencing symptoms that might be asthma. Your GP or asthma nurse should do a peak flow test at every annual asthma review as part of their routine checks. This test is also useful for monitoring your asthma using a peak flow diary alongside a symptom diary and your asthma action plan. You can buy, or get a prescription for, a peak flow meter and your GP or asthma nurse will show you how to do the test yourself at home. What do the results show? Peak flow readings will vary depending on your age, your height and whether you're a man or a woman. This test shows how your individual lung function changes. Although your peak flow reading may be different in the morning or at night, it's the pattern your scores make that's important, rather than one score on its own. Most people have a best peak flow reading so you'll be able to see when your reading goes up and down. Keeping track of your peak flow whilst monitoring your symptoms can help you spot when your asthma is getting worse and when you need to use your reliever inhaler (usually blue) or get medical help. Read our peak flow test page to find out more using peak flow to help you stay on top of your asthma, and warn you of an asthma attack. Spirometry. What is it? This is a breathing or ‘lung function’ test. It’s one of the most common tests people with asthma, or people who are being tested for asthma, are given. Your GP or asthma nurse will ask you to take a deep breath and then breathe out as fast as you can and for as long as you can through a mouthpiece linked to a ‘spirometer’. You will have to blow a few times so your GP or asthma nurse can get an accurate result. Once they have an accurate result, you may then be given a bronchodilator (reliever) medicine to open up your airways and asked to wait 1. You will then need to blow into the machine a few times again. This is to see whether there’s a big change in your airways after taking the medicine. If they become much less narrow, it could be a sign that you have asthma. When is it used? This is usually the first test your GP or asthma nurse will do to help them work out how likely it is that you have asthma. For best results, it’s usually done before you start taking any preventer medicine. What do the results show? A spirometer measures how much air you can breathe out. By comparing your results to measurements that are considered ‘normal’, your GP or asthma nurse can work out if the amount of air you’re able to breathe out is less than the expected range for your age, height and ethnicity because of inflamed or narrowed airways. They can also see whether your airways have responded to the bronchodilator medicine. If they have, it’s likely you have asthma. This test can also help your healthcare team see if your symptoms might be caused by another lung condition, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Airways responsiveness test. What is it? This highly- specialised test is carried out in hospital and measures how your airways respond to asthma triggers. You’ll be asked to breathe in a substance (histamine or methacholine) that may irritate your airways. This can cause the airways to become inflamed and narrower, and trigger asthma symptoms. Don’t worry – if any asthma symptoms are triggered, your specialist will be on hand to reassure, monitor and treat you if necessary. When is it used? This test will probably only be used if the results of your spirometry test didn’t give your GP or asthma nurse a clear picture of whether or not you have asthma, and you still have unexplained symptoms. What do the results show? Your asthma specialist can use the results of this test to work out if and how your airways react to substances that can trigger asthma symptoms. They can then use this information to decide which asthma treatments are likely to work for you. If you don’t have a reaction to the substances you breathe in, it’s less likely you have asthma. Fe. NO testing. What is it? If you’re given a ‘fractional exhaled nitric oxide’ (Fe. NO) test, a hand- held machine is used to measure your levels of nitric oxide when you breathe out. Nitric oxide is produced in your lungs when your airways are inflamed because you’re allergic to something you’ve breathed in. A high level of nitric oxide in the air you breathe out can be a sign that you have inflamed airways and that you have asthma. When is it used? If you’ve been diagnosed with asthma and you’re using your preventer inhaler correctly, but still have asthma symptoms, your GP, asthma nurse or specialist may ask you to do a Fe. NO test (usually as well as a spirometry test) to help them work out the type of asthma you have. As an alternative to this Fe. NO test, your specialist may take a sample of mucus (phlegm) to test for inflammation. What do the results show? The Fe. NO test checks for inflammation in your airways and tells a specialist if you have allergic or non- allergic asthma. This is useful for helping your specialist to adjust the dose of your medicine or change your treatment to help you stay well with asthma. Allergy tests. What is it? There are two main allergy tests people with asthma might have: a blood test (known as a ‘specific Ig. E’ or ‘RAST’ test) and a skin- prick test where your skin is pricked with a tiny amount of the allergen you think you might be allergic to. When is it used? If your GP thinks your asthma symptoms may be triggered by certain allergens, such as dust mites, mould, pollen or certain foods, you may be referred to a specialist for allergy tests. An allergy test will be able to pinpoint exactly what you’re allergic to so you can put the right steps in place to manage your asthma well. What do the results show? A skin prick test is most commonly used allergy test. Your specialist will prick your skin with tiny amounts of the suspected allergen(s) and look for signs that your skin becomes itchy, swollen and red. You should get the results of your skin prick allergy test within about 2. If you have a blood test the results will show your GP how many Ig. E antibodies in your blood have been produced by your immune system in response to a suspected allergen. The results may show that your asthma is triggered by many different types of allergens – some you may not have been aware of. It might take a couple of days to get the results of your blood test. If the tests show that you’re allergic to a specific thing, talk to your GP or asthma nurse about how to avoid it, if possible, or manage it. For example, if you’re allergic to a certain type of tree pollen, you can talk to your GP, asthma nurse or pharmacist about which hay fever medicines might be suitable for you to take during the months that pollen is in season. Last updated November 2. Next review due November 2. A trial of three regimens to prevent tuberculosis in Ugandan adults infected with the human immunode .. HIV infection greatly increases the risk of progressive primary Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the reactivation of latent infection. Preventive therapy has been proposed as a strategy to control tuberculosis in HIV- infected individuals in settings with high exposure to tuberculosis. The safety and efficacy of three such regimens were compared in a case- control trial conducted in 1. HIV- infected adults from Kampala, Uganda. Subjects with positive tuberculin skin tests were randomly assigned to one of four regimens: placebo (n = 4. Subjects with anergy were randomly assigned to receive either placebo (n = 3. After a mean follow- up of 1. The incidence of tuberculosis among those with a positive tuberculin test was significantly lower in all three treatment groups compared to controls. The relative risk of tuberculosis of isoniazid alone compared with placebo was 0. CI, 0. 1. 4- 0. 7. CI, 0. 1. 8- 0. 8. CI, 0. 2. 4- 1. 0. Among subjects with anergy, 1. CI, 0. 3. 4- 2. 0. There were 3. 99 deaths during follow- up (2. Of the 6. 6 subjects who developed tuberculosis, 1. The 6. 7% reduction of tuberculosis risk associated with drug treatment in tuberculin- skin- test- positive subjects suggests such a regimen provides benefits. ![]() The effect on tuberculosis control must be investigated in studies of longer duration. New Regimens to Prevent Tuberculosis in Adults with HIV Infection. Abstract. BACKGROUNDTreatment of latent tuberculosis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is efficacious, but few patients around the world receive such treatment. We evaluated three new regimens for latent tuberculosis that may be more potent and durable than standard isoniazid treatment. METHODSWe randomly assigned South African adults with HIV infection and a positive tuberculin skin test who were not taking antiretroviral therapy to receive rifapentine (9. The primary end point was tuberculosis- free survival. RESULTSThe 1. 14. CD4 cell count of 4. Incidence rates of active tuberculosis or death were 3. P> 0. 0. 5 for all comparisons). Serious adverse reactions were more common in the continuous- isoniazid group (1. Two of 5. 8 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (3. CONCLUSIONSOn the basis of the expected rates of tuberculosis in this population of HIV- infected adults, all secondary prophylactic regimens were effective. Neither a 3- month course of intermittent rifapentine or rifampin with isoniazid nor continuous isoniazid was superior to 6 months of isoniazid. Tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection and the leading cause of death in adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), especially in Africa, where tuberculosis rates have increased sharply in the past two decades. · Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by Neil A Martinson, Grace L Barnes, Lawrence H Moulton, Reginah Msandiwa, Harry Hausler, Malathi Ram. · Treatment of latent tuberculosis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is efficacious, but few patients around the world receive.
Http:// Background Treatment of latent tuberculosis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency. · On Sep 1, 1997 Christopher C. Whalen (and others) published: A Trial of Three Regimens to Prevent Tuberculosis in Ugandan Adults Infected with the Human. New Regimens to Prevent Tuberculosis in Adults with HIV Infection Neil A. Martinson et al, The new england journal of medicine, july 7, 2011 vol. 365 no. 1. Previous trials have shown that preventive treatment of HIV- infected patients with isoniazid for 6 to 1. Despite this evidence and a World Health Organization policy endorsing routine use of isoniazid, the number of programs providing preventive treatment against tuberculosis is exceedingly low. Concerns about low completion rates,9 the potential for reinfection,1. To address these concerns, we studied the use of 1. The choice of these regimens was based on evidence of increased potency and improved adherence. We also studied continuously administered isoniazid, which may be more potent than shorter courses and may prevent reinfection in areas where tuberculosis transmission is common. METHODSSTUDY DESIGNThe protocol (available with the full text of this article at NEJM. Johns Hopkins Medicine and the University of the Witwatersrand, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Investigational New Drug Application 6. Medicines Control Council of South Africa. The protocol was designed by the authors, and all data were collected by the authors and study staff in Soweto, South Africa. The authors made the decision to submit the article for publication and vouch for the completeness and accuracy of the data presented and the adherence of the study and this report to the protocol. PATIENTSThe study was conducted in Soweto, a community with a high prevalence of HIV infection and tuberculosis. HIV- infected adults with an induration that was 5 mm or more in diameter in response to a tuberculin skin test were screened for enrollment from September 2. June 2. 00. 5. Eligible patients were at least 1. Patients were also excluded if they had ever received tuberculosis therapy for more than 2 months, were currently receiving antiretroviral therapy, or had a CD4 cell count of less than 2. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. TREATMENT GROUPS AND ADMINISTRATIONThis was an open- label, randomized trial of rifapentine (Priftin, Sanofi Aventis; 9. All patients received pyridoxine (2. Treatment in the rifapentine–isoniazid and rifampin–isoniazid groups was directly observed in the study clinic, whereas in the 6- month–isoniazid and continuous- isoniazid groups, the study drugs were self- administered. Treatment allocation was by a computer- generated algorithm that randomly assigned patients in blocks of 2: 2: 2: 1 to the rifapentine–isoniazid, rifampin–isoniazid, 6- month–isoniazid, and continuous- isoniazid groups, respectively. STUDY PROCEDURESDuring the treatment period, scheduled visits occurred once weekly for the rifapentine–isoniazid group and twice weekly for the rifampin–isoniazid group, every 2 weeks for the first 6 months for the two isoniazid groups, and monthly thereafter for the continuous- isoniazid group. Patients who had completed the assigned study regimen or had discontinued it were seen every 6 months until the end of the trial. At each study visit, patients were screened for tuberculosis symptoms by a study nurse. For those with symptoms, assessment of a sputum smear, mycobacterial culture, and chest radiography were performed. The National Health Laboratory Service in Johannesburg, South Africa, performed the mycobacterial culture and drug- sensitivity testing using a mycobacterial- testing system (BACTEC mycobacterial growth indicator tube [MGIT] 9. BD). Species determination was achieved by means of nucleic acid amplification (Accu. Probe, Gen- Probe), and drug- susceptibility testing was conducted with the use of critical concentrations of isoniazid and rifampin in MGIT culture. Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels were measured in all patients 1, 2, and 6 months after randomization, as well as every 6 months thereafter in the continuous- isoniazid group. CD4 cell counts were measured every 6 months, and CD4 cell counts and HIV viral loads were measured every 3 months in patients whose CD4 cell count was less than 3. Patients eligible for antiretroviral therapy were referred to an HIV clinic for the initiation of such therapy but remained in the study. The first- line antiretroviral regimen in use in South Africa during the trial consisted of stavudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz or nevirapine. Women who became pregnant while receiving rifapentine–isoniazid or rifampin–isoniazid were switched to the 6- month–isoniazid group, and treatment was stopped after they had received isoniazid for a total of 6 months. All patients who discontinued therapy were followed until the end of the study. STUDY END POINTSThe primary end point was tuberculosis- free survival. Cases were classified as confirmed, probable, or possible tuberculosis. Confirmed tuberculosis was defined as the presence of clinical signs and symptoms and a positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis from any site. Probable tuberculosis was defined as the presence of signs and symptoms with acid- fast bacilli in a sputum smear or caseous necrosis in a tissue- biopsy specimen. Possible tuberculosis was defined as the presence of signs and symptoms without microbiologic or histologic evidence of M. Patients who had signs and symptoms of tuberculosis without microbiologic or biopsy confirmation and without a clinical response to therapy were categorized as having “suspected tuberculosis,” but these cases were not counted as events. Diagnosed cases of tuberculosis and deaths were ascertained through active follow- up of patients who missed scheduled visits. Clinical records and death certificates were obtained whenever possible. An independent end- point committee reviewed and categorized all end points. The secondary outcomes of the study were adherence to the study regimen, adverse events, discontinuation of study medication for any reason, and mycobacterial drug resistance in patients with tuberculosis. Serious adverse events were defined as grade 3 or 4 adverse events according to the Division of AIDS toxicity table, hospitalization, or death. Pregnancy also was reported as a serious adverse event but was not analyzed as such. STATISTICAL ANALYSISPatients with confirmed, probable, or possible tuberculosis and those who died were included in the intention- to- treat analyses of the primary end point. The trial was originally designed to show the superiority of the three new regimens for preventing tuberculosis over the standard therapy of isoniazid for 6 months. We assumed that the annual risk of tuberculosis would be 6% in the 6- month isoniazid group, on the basis of data from trials conducted elsewhere in Africa. With a minimum of 3 years of follow- up per patient, we anticipated a total of 1. The probability of a type I error was set at 0. Incidence- rate ratios and corresponding exact 9. The primary statistical analysis was performed with the use of the log- rank test. No adjustment was made for multiple comparisons. A formal interim analysis of efficacy with respect to the tuberculosis end point, with the use of the O’Brien–Fleming alpha spending function,9 was planned at the time of 5. On the recommendation of the independent data and safety monitoring board, which was concerned that patients might die of tuberculosis before it was diagnosed, the follow- up period was extended, and the primary end point was changed to tuberculosis or death. A second interim analysis was conducted when there were 1. At the end of the study, there were 1. An as- treated analysis was performed with data for patients who had received more than 2 months of study therapy and who did not have tuberculosis in the first 3- month period after randomization. Data for participants who discontinued their study therapy prematurely were censored 6. RESULTSSTUDY PARTICIPANTS AND FOLLOW- UPFrom September 2. June 2. 00. 5, a total of 1. HIV- infected adults were screened; 1. Fig. 1). The main reasons for nonenrollment were eligibility for antiretroviral therapy (1. The median age of patients was 3. The median CD4 cell count was 4. HIV viral load was 4. The baseline characteristics were balanced among the four treatment groups (Table 1). Recruitment and Randomization of Study Patients. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Patients, According to Treatment Group. The median follow- up time was 4. At the end of the study, 8. During the follow- up period, 2. CD4 cell count at the initiation of antiretroviral therapy was 1. Cumulatively, patients received antiretroviral therapy for less than 1. ADHERENCEThe proportions of patients who reported taking or were observed taking more than 9. Patients in the continuous- isoniazid group took isoniazid for 8. The median duration of receipt of continuous isoniazid was 3. SOGELAND: "Den slemme gutten gråt". Juntafil, erotisk novellekonkurranse. Send 1. 00. 0 ord til juntafil@nrk. Frist 1. 9 januar 2. Superblink skrivekonkurranse Skriv 9- 1. Premie: 8. 00. 0 kroner Frist: 1. Hele Oppegård skriver. Alle i Oppegård kommune kan bidra til ei ny bok med noveller og andre tekster fra kommunen. Innsending kan skje helt til juni 2. Skriv 2. 4 tekster på 2. Begynner i april. Sjekk link for detaljer. Amandusfestivalens manuskonkurranse. Begrepet skriveprosess brukes om den prosessen som foregår inne i oss fra vi starter tenkningen omkring skriving til. hvordan historien om. Kreativ skriving. Som karriereveiledere som arbeider med ungdom på skolen eller med voksne som er i. Denne historien. med kreativ, ekspressiv og reflekterende skriving. Temaet for årets manuskonkurranse er: «Go Beyond. Create Tomorrow», slagordet fra ungdoms OL. Du må være 2. Manuset skal ikke være lenger enn fire A4- sider langt. Frist: 1. 5. februar 2. Tromsø biblioteks årlige skrivekonkurranse «skriv for svingende» . Tema: neste år ikke klart ennå. Bidrag sendes til skrivekonkurranse@tromso. Ikke vær redd for å gjøre endringer og forbedringer underveis i skriveprosessen. Historien kan ta uventede retninger som du ennå ikke har tenkt ut. Skriving. Her vil du lære mer. unge og voksne. Du får innføring i hvordan du starter skrivearbeidet, hvordan velge en relevant problemstilling og metode. ![]() Frist: en gang i august 2. Tekstkonkurranse. Skrivekonkurranse om jul. Kan angripes og formuleres på den måten skribenten selv ønsker. Tekster i alle sjangre. Dikt, noveller, kåseri, eventyr, tegneserier og så videre. Frist: 1. april 2. Novellekonkurranse ULFF: temaet jul. Arbeidstittel «Dyrenes jul». Antall sider: ca. Premie: Et års medlemskap (pluss heder og ære!) Frist: Mandag 5. Sogn og Fjordane skrivelags novellekonkurranse Tema «fridom». Konkurranse for de som bor eller har tilknytning til Sogn og Fjordane. Premie: Kr 3. 00. Sogn og Fjordane Skrivelag. Frist: 1. oktober 2. Pro- senterets årlige tekst/film konkurranse for elever i videregående. Detaljer for 2. 01. Magasinet Samvitens årlige skrivekonkurranse Detaljer for 2. Tidsskriftet Riss sin skrivekonkurranse De som er under 2. Tema tar utgangspunkt i et sitat (se link) Frist: 1. Ung. Bok, årlig skrivekonkurranse for ungdomsskoleelever i RingerikeÅrets konkurranse er nettopp avsluttet. Detaljer for 2. Valdres Mållags årlege skrivetevling Har vært avholdt hvert år siden 1. Sørnorsk filmsenter sin konkurranse for manus til barnefilm. Hvert år får det beste manuset til en kortfilm for barn 1. Frist: 1. 5 mars 2. Kosmoramas årlige pitchekonkurranse Har du en god ide til en film kan du vinne 1. Filmen Max Manus ble til på denne konkurransen. Frist: 1 februar 2. Movieson. War sin årlige filmidekonkurranse. Festivalen i Elverum arrangerer en konkurranse for den beste filmideen med temaet «krig og fred». Ideen må presenteres i et foredrag, og personer med tilknytning til regionen må være med i prosjektet. Vinneren får 1. 00 0. Send inn en kort prosjektbeskrivelse på maksimalt 4. A4- side innen 1. NRK Radioteaterets årlige grøsserkonkurranse Skriv en grøsser for radio og send den inn til radioteateret. De beste blir hørespill for radio. ![]() Frist: 1. 1 juni 2. Kondomeriets månedlige erotiske novellekonkurranse. Hver måned trekker Kondomeriet ut en velskreven novelle som får velge seg varer fra nettbutikken for 1. Send inn ditt bidrag og vær med i trekningen! Forlaget Livs årlige utgivelse «Årets krim»Hvert år avholder forlaget Liv en novellekonkurranse og velger ut vinnere til utgivelsen Årets krim. Kontakt forlaget for detaljer. Norsk ukeblad: fortell en historie fra ditt liv og vinn 1. Fontini Forlags manuskonkurranse for barn, ungdom og unge voksne. Manus må ha barn, ungdom eller unge voksne som hovedmålgruppe. Premien: 5. 0. 0. God oppfølging av en dyktig redaktør. Fristen for innsendelse er 1. · Sjekk ut våre kreative skrive ideer for å redde deg og dine elever fra forfattere blokk med bilde historien startere. Kreativ skriving kan være. God skriving! Likte du disse tipsene? Her finner du flere skriveoppgaver. Hva handler historien din om? Click edit button to change this text. Del dette. OKTOBER 2. 01. 4Vinduet og Gyldendals novellekonkurranse: Forfattere som ennå ikke har avtale med forlag kan delta. Bidraget sendes til Gyldendal på papir. Premie: NOK 2. 5 0. Vinduet nr 1, 2. 01. Frist : 1. september 2. Frilynt. no: manuskonkurranse for de under 2. Skriv en monolog på maks to A4 sider. Du kan sende inn tre stk. Frist: Søndag 2. Bokvennen. no: krimnovelle- konkurranse. Vinn 2. 5 0. 00,- Frist: mandag 3. Julia. no: novellekonkurranse om venner Frist: 1. Hest. no: julefortellingkonkurranse. Vinne heste- greier. Frist: 1. Dus. as: Ny dramatikk- konkurranse for ungdom. DUS (Den unge scenen) inviterer alle mellom 1. DUS ønsker nyskreven dramatikk på 4. Det kan være så mange roller du ønsker, men ikke færre enn fire. Teksten skal spilles av ungdom mellom 1. Det vil ikke kunne være noen voksne eller mindre barn. Premie: 4. 0 0. 00 kroner. Frist: 1. 0. mars 2. Cappelen Damms barneroman- konkurranse. Vinneren får 2. 50 0. Frist for innlevering: 1. Forfatterskolen. no: skrivekonkurranse Elveforlaget inviterer herved etablerte forfattere og framtidens skribenter med tilknytning til Drammensregionen til en åpen skrivekonkurranse. Vinnerne får sitt bidrag trykket i antologien “Bruer” som vil bli utgitt høsten 2. Send inn dikt, essay, kortprosa, noveller, romanutdrag, sangtekster, tegneserier med mer. Innleveringsfrist 1. April 2. 01. 4Sørnorsk filmsenter manuskonkurranse til Tv serie for barn. I samarbeid med Barnefilmfestivalen og NRK Super inviterer SØRNORSK FILMSENTER til en konkurranse om beste tv- seriekonsept rettet mot barn. Handlingen i serien skal utspille seg på Sørlandet eller i Telemark. FRIST: 5. Fram i lyset- skrivekonkurranse for ungdom på nynorsk Tema for skrivekonkurransen er «Mysterium» og sjangrane er dikt og noveller. Målforma er nynorsk. Frist for innlevering: 1. Bydgekvinnelagets skrivekonkurranse «Kvinne møter kvinne»Tekster skrevet av kvinner som møtes kan antas. Premie: reise og deltagelse på et seminar av Bygdekvinnelaget. Frist: 1. 5 Oktober 2. NRK Dramas pitchekonkurranse. Folk med manuserfaring eller relevant bakgrunn inviteres til å NRK Dramas pitchekonkurranse. Frist: Tirsdag 2. Aftenposten junior/Unicef sin skrivekonkurranse for 7. De vil vite hva barn i Norge mener skal være de viktigste målene å jobbe for hvis verden skal bli bedre. Alle Norges 7. Skriv gjerne kort, og maks 1. Premien er et årsabonnement på Afteneposten junior og en opplevelsestur til Oslo sammen med en voksen fra 2. Frist: 8 oktober 2. Norsk Form og Dagbladet sin Kronikk- konkurranse om design Skriv en kronikk på 6. Dagbladet og vinn 1. Frist: 1 november 2. Skrivekonkurranse: Flor og Fjære Skriv ei historie om ringverknad, og vinn ein tur for to personar til Flor& Fjære i Stavanger. Gåvekortet inkluderer båttur til og frå Stavanger, omvising i parken, i tillegg til buffet med dessert og kaffe for to personar. Frist: 1 november 2. Sielinja. no sin manus- konkurranse. Er du mellom 1. 2 og 1. Da er det deg/dere vi søker etter. Vi ønsker nemlig å lage en spenningsfilm der dere undommene er målgruppen. Handlingen skal ha lokale holdepunkter, dvs Gjøvik, Land, Toten. Premie: filmen blir laget og du får 5. Frist: Manusideen (gjerne ett ferdig manus) må være innsendt senest 1. Cappelen Damms krimroman konkurranse. Lever en krimroman innen søndag 6. Forlaget Margboks roman konkurranse «Forlaget Margbok utlyser romankonkurranse med tema Periferi. Vi legger ordets videstetolkning og betydning som grunnlag for teksten. Ytterkanter: sosiologisk, psykologisk,geografisk eller politisk. Vinneren av romankonkurransen mottar 1. Frist for innlevering: 1. Serieliv. no manuskonkurranse (Cappelen Damm)Send inn 2. Premie 2. 00 0. 00 kroner. Frist for innlevering: 1. Stortingets konkurranse: skriv sang til Stortingets 2. Førstepremie 1. 00 0. Frist for innlevering: 1 november 2. Ambjørnsen- prisen 2. Prisen gis til en ungdom mellom 1. Larviksdistriktet. Det kan leveres tekster innenfor sjangrene novelle, petit, kåseri, reportasje, filmmanus/kortfilm og bloggtekst. Teksten skal være en avsluttet historie. Prisen på 2. 0. 0. Frist: 1 oktober 2. Kongsberg krims, Jonas B. Gundersens og Ungdomskontorets novellekonkurranse. Går du på ungdomsskolen? Da kan du sende inn en tekst på fem sider og vinne 1. Tema bestemmer du selv, men det må være en tekst innenfor ”krimsjangeren». Frist: 1. Tromsø biblioteks skrive konkurranse for voksne: «skriv for svingende»Årets tema er ”Søppel”. Du velger selv hvilken type søppel du vil skrive om; i bokstavelig eller overført betydning. Frist for innlevering: mandag 2. Bergen offentlige biblioteks novellekonkurranse Send inn en novelle på maks 2. Bergen) Innleveringsfrist: 1 september 2. Psykiskhelse. no skrivekonkurranse for de under 3. Skriv 5. 00. 0 tegn om temaet «møte» Frist for innlevering: 1 august 2. Kortlest skrivekonkurranse hos Gyldendal forlag. Konkurranse for kortere tekster: noveller, fortellinger, litterære essays; tekster i alle formater og formert. De ønsker seg helst en samling tekster, på til sammen 5. Vinneren får kr 5. Vinduet. Frist for innlevering: 1. Motkulturens skrivekonkurranse I regi av Futurum Forlag. Send inn dikt, noveller, kåseri petiter og kortprosa. Frist: 2. Helgelandmuseums skrivekonkurranse for de mellom 1. Konkurransen har fått tema Stedet. De beste tekstene vil bli premiert og et utvalg tekster vil bli brukt som utgangspunkt for en forestilling og fremført under Petter Dass- dagene 2. Frist for innsending av tekster er 1. Austmannalagets skrivetevling for ungdomsskoleelever i Hedemark og Oppland. Innleveringsfrist 1 april 2. Norsk teaterråds manuskonkurranse. Frist for innlevering 1. Skrivekonkurranse for monologbok. Skrivekonkurranse ved Skuespillersenteret i Oslo. De utvalgte tekstene vil inngå i en monologsamling som utgis på Transit forlag. Monologene kan være skrevet av både kvinner og menn, men må være skrevet forkvinner. Innleveringsfrist: 2. Bokbussens skrivekonkurranse – Penga og livet. Du som går i 5, 6. Oppland fylkesbibliotek sin konkurranse som arrangeres i forbindelse med litteraturfestivalen Pegasus. Er penger viktig? Har du tenkt på hvordan penger styrer livene våre? Velg en av oppgavene og skriv en fortelling. Innleveringsfrist: 1 mai 2. Hafslund hovedgårds skrivekonkurranse. En skrivekonkurranse der man kan skrive sine historier om Hafslund Hovedgård. Skrivekonkurransen er åpen for alle som har lyst til å være med. Det er utarbeidet tre oppgaver. Det kåres månedsvinnere for mars, april og mai, og hver historie må være sendt innen 2. Premiene til månedsvinnerne er en Ipad, og en hovedvinner får et stipend på 1. Innleveringfrist: 2. Skrivekonkurranse om India. Skriv en tekst med handling fra India og vinn en tur for å oppleve det hele selv! Bak konkurransen står Universitetet i Oslo i samarbeid med Bokvennen. Sjangeren er fri; du kan skrive en novelle, et essay, et dikt eller korttekster. |
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